News

The DNA of 10,000-year-old Luzio solves the mystery of the sambaqui builders’ disappearance

A newly conducted DNA study has concluded that the oldest human skeleton found in São Paulo, Brazil, Luzio, can be traced back to the original settlers of the Americas around 16,000 years ago. This group of individuals eventually gave rise to the present-day Indigenous Tupi people.

Large and outstanding sambaquis in the open coastal landscape from the Santa Marta/Camacho area, Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. Above, Figueirinha and Cigana; below, the twin-mounds Encantada I and II and Santa Marta I. MDPI / Fair Use

This article presents an explanation for the disappearance of the oldest inhabitants of the Brazilian coastal region who constructed the renowned “sambaquis,” which are substantial piles of shells and fishbones utilized as dwellings, burial sites, and markers of land boundaries. Archaeologists frequently label these heaps as shell mounds or kitchen middens. The research is based on the most extensive set of Brazilian archaeological genomic data.

Andre Menezes Strauss, an archaeologist for MAE-USP and leader of the research, commented that the Atlantic coast sambaqui builders were the most densely populated human group in pre-colonial South America after the Andean civilizations. For thousands and years, they were deemed ‘kings of the coast’, until they suddenly disappeared roughly 2,000 years ago.

A four-part study done in Brazil, which included data from 34 fossils such as bigger skeletons and famed coastal heaps of fishbones and shells, was undertaken. André Strauss / Fair Use

The genomes of 34 fossils, at least 10,000 years old, from four areas of the Brazilian coast were thoroughly examined by the authors. These fossils were taken from eight sites: Cabeçuda, Capelinha, Cubatao, Limao, Jabuticabeira II, Palmeiras Xingu, Pedra do Alexandre, and Vau Una, which included sambaquis.

Led by Levy Figuti, a professor at MAE-USP, a group found the oldest skeleton in Sao Paulo, Luzio, in the Capelinha river midden of the Ribeira de Iguape valley. Its skull was similar to Luzia, the oldest human fossil found in South America thus far, which is estimated to be about 13,000 years old. Initially, the researchers speculated that it was from a different population than the present-day Amerindians, who populated Brazil around 14,000 years ago, but it was later proven to be false.

The results of the genetic analysis of Luzio established that he was an Amerindian, like the Tupi, Quechua, or Cherokee. This does not imply that they are completely identical, yet from a worldwide viewpoint, they all stem from a single wave of migration that reached the Americas no more than 16,000 years ago. Strauss stated that if there was another populace in the region 30,000 years ago, it did not leave any descendants among these groups.

Luzio’s DNA provided insight into another query. River middens are dissimilar from coastal ones, so the discovery cannot be assumed to be a forebear of the grand classical sambaquis that appeared later. This revelation indicates that there were two separate migrations – into the inland and alongside the coast.

What became of the creators of the sambaqui? The examination of the genetic data revealed dissimilar populations with shared cultural elements but considerable biological distinctions, particularly between the inhabitants of the coastal regions of the southeast and south.

Strauss noted that research on cranial morphology in the 2000s already suggested a subtle discrepancy between these communities, which was backed up by the genetic analysis. It was found that a number of coastal populations weren’t isolated, but regularly had gene exchange with inland groups. This process must have been taking place over thousands of years and is thought to have resulted in the regional variations of sambaquis.

An example of the iconic sambaquis built by south America’s oldest coastal communities. Wikimedia Commons

When investigating the mysterious disappearance of this seaside community, which was comprised of the first hunters and gatherers of the Holocene, the DNA samples analyzed demonstrated that, as opposed to the European Neolithic practice of switching out entire populations, what occurred in this region was a change in customs, involving a decrease in the building of shell middens and the addition of pottery by sambaqui builders. For instance, the genetic material found at Galheta IV (located in Santa Catarina state) – the most striking site from this period – did not contain shells, but rather ceramics, and is comparable to the classic sambaquis in this regard.

Strauss remarked that the results of a 2014 study on pottery shards from sambaquis were in agreement with the notion that the pots were used to cook fish, rather than domesticated vegetables. He highlighted how the inhabitants of the area had adopted a technique from the inland to process their customary food.

Related Posts

The brother of Suzy Lamplugh has said his family will never get closure after the prime suspect in his sister’s murder case died in prison.

The brother of Suzy Lamplugh has said his family will never get closure after the prime suspect in his sister’s murder case died in prison. John Cannan died in custody this week at the age of 70, some 22 years after he was named as the prime suspect in the 1986 disappearance of 25-year-old Suzy. Ms Lamplugh’s brother Richard, 64, said he was ‘not mourning John Cannan’ but had been left instead mourning the ‘loss of him ever giving us closure’.

Education Secretary Bridget Phillipson was last night accused of taking a ‘simplistic’ approach after she said that top exam results alone will not make children ‘happy’.

Education Secretary Bridget Phillipson was last night accused of taking a ‘simplistic’ approach after she said that top exam results alone will not make children ‘happy’. Laying out her vision for schooling in her first address to academy trust leaders since Labour came to power, Mrs Phillipson said that while a string of A* grades may ‘open important doors’, pupils need a ‘wider’ set of goals for a ‘healthy and happy life’. In a clear swipe at the Tories’ former regime, she accused them of having ‘tunnel vision’ when it comes to exam results – and said she wanted to promote ‘collaboration’ rather than ‘competition’.

BRAHMĀSTRA PART 2: DEV – Hindi Trailer | Ranbir Kapoor | Alia Bhatt, Hrithik Roshan Deepika Padukone

A celestial sign in the sky serves as both a call and a warning, indicating impending challenges. The protagonist grapples with the duality of existence, feeling trapped between…

The spreading of a ‘dangerous narrative’ around the shooting of Chris Kaba by those in authority risked undermining British justice, the head of Scotland Yard has warned.

The spreading of a ‘dangerous narrative’ around the shooting of Chris Kaba by those in authority risked undermining British justice, the head of Scotland Yard has warned. Sir Mark Rowley suggested ‘people with huge influence’ had damaged trust in police after several Labour politicians, including Jeremy Corbyn, Diane Abbott and Bell Ribeiro-Addy called for ‘justice’ when the gangster was shot dead on September 5, 2022. Police marksman Sergeant Martyn Blake was later acquitted of murder in just three hours by jurors who decided it was lawful to shoot the 24-year-old through the windscreen after Kaba tried to use an Audi Q8 as a ‘battering ram’, almost running over officers in his bid to escape police.

Antisemitism protesters will gather outside three London universities due to host a divisive United Nations official who has said Hamas supporters have ‘a right to resist’ and that Israel is like Nazi Germany.

Antisemitism protesters will gather outside three London universities due to host a divisive United Nations official who has said Hamas supporters have ‘a right to resist’ and that Israel is like Nazi Germany. Italian academic and lawyer Francesca Albanese, who serves as the UN’s special rapporteur on the occupied Palestinian territories, will embark on a speaking tour of the UK next week. She is set to appear at the London School of Economics (LSE) and School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) on Monday and Queen Mary University of London on Tuesday to present the ‘genocide in Gaza’ and its relationship with international law.

Prince William has opened up about having the ‘hardest year in my life’ following his wife and father’s cancer diagnoses.

Prince William has opened up about having the ‘hardest year in my life’ following his wife and father’s cancer diagnoses. In a remarkably candid – and at times emotional – interview at the end of his official visit to South Africa he admitted the past few months had been ‘brutal’. But the prince also said how hugely ‘proud’ he was of Catherine and the King for handling their health battles with such dignity and bravery.

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *